This document summarizes the process used to generate two full engine fuel consumption maps for a Geely 1.5L Miller GHE (Geely Hybrid Engine) as presented in Zhang, G., Wang, Q., et al. (2020). “Geely Hybrid Engine: World Class Efficiency for Hybrid Vehicles.” in 29th Aachen Colloquium Sustainable Mobility, Aachen. These two full ALPHA engine maps define the complete operating boundaries of the engine which are needed for ALPHA modeling including idle, WOT, minimum torque, and maximum speed.
Map #1 is based on a determination of the test fuel specifications using the reported brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) values provided in the reference Aachen paper. Starting with the minimum BSFC of 198 g/kWh and a maximum BTE of 42.5 the lower heating value (LHV) was calculated as 42.78 MJ/kg. Though not stated in the paper, this LHV is consistent with a European fuel with zero alcohol content, which is similar to the U.S. Tier 2 E0 fuel previously used in EPA GHG and fuel economy compliance testing which was the basis for using the high research octane number (RON) of 98. This data was then used to create a full ALPHA engine map.
Map #2 is based on a Tier 3 specified fuel and incorporates an octane-based fuel consumption modification. EPA’s proposed Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles specifies that Tier 3 E10 fuel shall be used for all criteria, GHG, and fuel economy testing. In support of the new requirement, this second full ALPHA engine map using Tier 3 fuel was estimated based on the difference in fuel octane between the test fuel and Tier 3 fuel, as described in further detail below in the Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification section.
SUGGESTED CITATION:
Geely 1.5L Miller GHE from 2020 Aachen Paper - ALPHA Map Package. Version 2023-03. Ann Arbor MI: US EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, National Center for Advanced Technology, 2023.
Engine Physical Characteristics
Set physical characteristics based on published information provided in Zhang, G., Wang, Q., et al. (2020). “Geely Hybrid Engine: World Class Efficiency for Hybrid Vehicles.” in 29th Aachen Colloquium Sustainable Mobility, Aachen.
engine.name = 'Geely 1.5L Miller GHE from 2020 Aachen Paper'; engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition; engine.displacement_L = 1.5; engine.num_cylinders = 3; engine.bore_mm = 82.547; %Calculated using stroke & displacement cited in reference paper engine.stroke_mm = 93.428; engine.compression_ratio = 13.1;
Test Data
Import the efficiency map image data provided in Figure 30 of the reference Aachen paper. The map was digitized by loading the image into MATLAB and manually tracing the efficiency contours.
This image was digitized by loading the image into MATLAB and manually tracing the efficiency contours.
image_capture_data = load('Extracted_Data_Engine'); % From the reference cited above figure 30 image_capture_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(219:end,3) = 303; % Bottom contour not labeled, estimated BSFC is 310 g/kWhr image_BSFC_data.name = 'Image BSFC Points'; image_BSFC_data.speed_rpm = image_capture_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,1); image_BSFC_data.torque_Nm = image_capture_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,2);% the original data is in terms of BMEP but the y axis units are not provided. Hence, the BMEP is scaled against the WOT torque data. image_BSFC_data.bsfc_gpkWhr = image_capture_data.Speed_Torque_BSFC(:,3); image_max_BTE_data.name = 'Image Max BTE Point'; image_max_BTE_data.speed_rpm = image_capture_data.Max_BTE(1); image_max_BTE_data.torque_Nm = image_capture_data.Max_BTE(2);% the original data is in terms of BMEP but the y axis units are not provided. Hence, the BMEP is scaled against the WOT torque data. image_max_BTE_data.efficiency_pct = image_capture_data.Max_BTE(3);
Additional Fueling Data
Add estimated point to provide more appropriate fueling near idle and where data is sparse.
est_data.name = 'Estimated Data';
est_data.speed_rpm = [700; 700; 900; 3000; 2970];
est_data.torque_Nm = [10; 40; 10; 10; 152.7];
est_data.bsfc_gpkWhr = [850; 325; 650; 600; 204.5];
Maximum Torque (WOT) Curve Data
Create the WOT curve using the max power and torque points shown in Figure 28 of the reference Aachen paper.
WOT_data.speed_rpm = image_capture_data.WOT_Speed_Torque(:,1); WOT_data.torque_Nm = image_capture_data.WOT_Speed_Torque(:,2);
Minimum Torque (Zero Accelerator Pedal) Curve Data
Utilize a default minimum torque curve which is scaled by engine displacement, since there is no available data.
Fuel Properties for Map #1
Load the fuel properties estimated from the information provided in the reference Aachen paper using the reported BSFC of 198 g/kWh and BTE of 42.5 to calculate a lower heating value (LHV) of 42.78 MJ/kg. Though not stated in the paper, this LHV is consistent with a European fuel with zero alcohol content, which is similar to the U.S. Tier 2 E0 fuel previously used in EPA GHG and fuel economy compliance testing which was the basis for using the high research octane number (RON) of 98.
engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel(); engine.fuel.description = 'Fuel info was derived from 3-cyl Geely 1.5L DHE paper'; engine.fuel.density_kgpL_15C = 0.740088832; % Fuel density at 15 degrees Celsius engine.fuel.energy_density_MJpkg = 42.780; % Fuel energy density engine.fuel.research_octane_number = 98; % Research octane number (RON)
Idle Speed
Idle speed data was not available in the reference Aachen paper so the minimum speed data is assumed to be the average idle speed of similar engines which is typically 600-700 RPM.
engine.idle_target_speed_radps = 650 * unit_convert.rpm2radps ;
Engine Build for Simulation in ALPHA
Construct the ALPHA engine, combining all of the above inputs. Fit the fueling data onto a grid for simple interpolation and establish points that represent the maximum and minimum engine torque versus speed. Confirm the quality of fit between the input data and the resulting engine description by examining the resulting plots.
engine = REVS_build_engine(engine, {image_BSFC_data, image_max_BTE_data, est_data},'WOT',WOT_data, 'plot_bsfc','plot_efficiency');
Idle Fuel Verification
Confirm appropriate fuel consumption near idle conditions.
REVS_check_idle_fuel(engine)
Estimated idle fuel consumption @ 650 RPM & 24.3 Nm: 0.207 g/sec => Indicated Efficiency: 28.6%
Fuel Map Linearity
Confirm expected trends in output fuel map, specifically in regions where test data is unavailable.
REVS_plot_engine_fuel_linearity(engine)
File Description
Generate and write the created ALPHA engine definition into a file for use in later simulations.
engine.write_mscript('engine_Geely_1L5_Miller_GHE_paper_image.m');
Engine Build: engine_Geely_1L5_Miller_GHE_paper_image.m.m
% ALPHA ENGINE DEFINITION % Generated 17-Mar-2023 11:09:26 % Constructor engine = class_REVS_engine(); engine.name = 'Geely 1.5L Miller GHE from 2020 Aachen Paper'; engine.source_filename = mfilename; engine.matrix_vintage = enum_matrix_vintage.present; % Physical Description engine.displacement_L = 1.5; engine.num_cylinders = 3; engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition; engine.compression_ratio = 13.1; engine.bore_mm = 82.547; engine.stroke_mm = 93.428; % Maximum Torque Curve engine.full_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 120.23611956317013 ; 141.72031645273225 ; 159.43535603550373 ; 166.21983920867083 ; 197.12692952228917 ; 216.72654781081587 ; 260.82568885528110 ; 419.50721334565088 ; 515.37816025799339 ; 569.25613057682210 ; 597.71893710566326 ; 626.18174363450441 ]; engine.full_throttle_torque_Nm = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 116.88311700000000 ; 127.59740300000000 ; 141.55844200000001 ; 149.02597399999999 ; 167.85714300000001 ; 186.03896100000000 ; 215.58441600000000 ; 215.25973999999999 ; 193.31786500000001 ; 185.27842200000001 ; 158.81007599999998 ; 0.0000000000000000 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 626.18174363450441 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_torque_Nm = [ 107.42958658702935 107.42958658702935 ]; % Minimum Torque Curve engine.closed_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 36.651914291880921 ; 733.03828583761833 ]; engine.closed_throttle_torque_Nm = [ -11.963636363636365 ; -11.963636363636365 ; -32.536363636363639 ]; % Fuel Map engine.fuel_map_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 36.651914291880921 ; 73.303828583761842 ; 94.247779607693786 ; 119.03471230272291 ; 149.40751815315477 ; 179.61719043450532 ; 197.21060822125199 ; 219.40450933440354 ; 241.28528007186685 ; 247.96195341938025 ; 262.89034430469326 ; 276.08122155294552 ; 284.62261651665767 ; 310.44676094752549 ; 340.48033105533057 ; 362.67571112293456 ; 374.36187437335548 ; 380.52813888013873 ; 386.30771942890135 ; 391.42341331928770 ; 407.04175405884587 ; 424.32834434076949 ; 445.89967114647391 ; 467.76672154849598 ; 477.02487544932353 ; 498.95594142963409 ; 520.59455493034034 ; 542.85389790284694 ; 571.08424844850731 ; 598.63299604150586 ; 626.18174363450441 ]; engine.fuel_map_torque_Nm = [ -34.163181818181819 ; -12.081590909090909 ; 10.000000000000000 ; 25.867257996951214 ; 41.734515993902427 ; 58.645914049370560 ; 75.557312104838701 ; 83.233201552419345 ; 90.909090999999989 ; 96.844548000000003 ; 102.14327137500001 ; 108.05104400000000 ; 111.46171657894735 ; 119.71913539473684 ; 131.84962312499999 ; 139.19373566666667 ; 145.04060316666667 ; 152.16836799999999 ; 160.77665408333334 ; 167.37238950000000 ; 170.66125299999999 ; 173.82830600000000 ; 177.48259862499998 ; 179.67517450000000 ; 188.39617173809523 ; 196.24129900000000 ; 199.04292350000000 ; 202.33178699999999 ; 204.84918749999997 ; 210.50319012500000 ; 218.43341346250003 ; 226.36363680000002 ]; engine.fuel_map_gps = [ 0.026025418117232121 -0.018254896245911048 -0.061248309544557206 -0.084707786747212674 -0.11132705593594702 -0.14105446510699543 -0.16568618646690980 -0.17771244147984108 -0.19062739686264676 -0.20036356547190481 -0.20292935498288212 -0.20814420861763061 -0.21197392175136526 -0.21415834551755994 -0.21857476517649785 -0.21754920819759391 -0.21326530282286024 -0.21030856209087506 -0.20865236179077593 -0.20706128117624648 -0.20562558982744322 -0.20095153059119159 -0.19507219368147460 -0.18671281747089419 -0.17726422280080512 -0.17311801472507143 -0.16300758757400363 -0.15269701313945289 -0.14191149668955230 -0.12812117684862556 -0.11466568792447134 -0.10123429952780176 ; 0.085343644273055366 0.070581413968760845 0.057300695680509085 0.051682259091352885 0.047362229380610396 0.047582198050986436 0.055262542959224170 0.062489044475393066 0.074026286243287984 0.088407189888206103 0.093201892693458369 0.10445362102511736 0.11523279860140394 0.12254885116295135 0.14724376441970927 0.18379385403287421 0.21520755268856759 0.23254983338888136 0.24180262773707575 0.25051436610417138 0.25825168895868733 0.28213962540443288 0.30911583518978730 0.34336194651825241 0.37835570116785905 0.39315286382885056 0.42810286278926341 0.46222488766009256 0.49687565148369806 0.54010356269719673 0.58169445053833380 0.62303566237891361 ; 0.11279634375575781 0.14536340193293298 0.16942635338482140 0.17410012905989883 0.19446251551402483 0.23628368181781922 0.28762024116200768 0.31849421872792327 0.35746399090747205 0.39525712577264965 0.40669755224189719 0.43218848437070306 0.45479554315832638 0.46958970814913281 0.51638801340582552 0.58843828800413256 0.64747151834462457 0.67889413141195687 0.69547136264552167 0.71099949669730012 0.72473334086312569 0.76652895791732978 0.81240846001894007 0.86915290815801438 0.92640256325511583 0.95066052043461302 1.0082282065640713 1.0653766930840034 1.1245347044722178 1.2000977423665389 1.2744568736846926 1.3491753663481898 ; 0.079245072651963566 0.14972674531927085 0.22206109039741512 0.26593644263324945 0.32037863483152357 0.39202585493798092 0.46819754275078035 0.51369745076649431 0.57181391752224231 0.62958154161624891 0.64726778293604526 0.68690947092034749 0.72222327576911083 0.74524417243744290 0.81614008015972561 0.90354321429917928 0.97111494748057103 1.0072131183344240 1.0263250087851992 1.0442632017333164 1.0601579582448504 1.1088616728299083 1.1631793718497099 1.2315560470859415 1.3016790723348388 1.3316365236525418 1.4033997598338510 1.4767139960098541 1.5556998113811418 1.6623210773247070 1.7717147571682408 1.8832219120569516 ; 0.046302063372860414 0.15607448504226543 0.27071906020809383 0.34056554445991416 0.42317680897569293 0.52361744116412767 0.62590797346594840 0.68718031277102487 0.76551625670272072 0.84179714567439068 0.86487086528300183 0.91618101277013198 0.96167021098996552 0.99130011777233873 1.0816489781999177 1.1883662601469940 1.2687298255971058 1.3111020268250790 1.3334311990680205 1.3543323535394718 1.3728518593121644 1.4297675603863975 1.4944543153575436 1.5772439765172528 1.6617183311223243 1.6976573390185092 1.7828978456740290 1.8675123239009022 1.9637965435400944 2.1170160469726342 2.2716221863310859 2.4240726539223805 ; 0.041032188417884793 0.18034725942397092 0.31931576766649167 0.39818591169706180 0.49100274497743074 0.60556476671743475 0.72656086560581001 0.79919454469465723 0.89262753748148527 0.98743331476375329 1.0166590774011035 1.0823071333010597 1.1404618326068952 1.1780789179270876 1.2913357037351814 1.4215964199745008 1.5185362661178246 1.5701110163931049 1.5974343389620858 1.6230971195078154 1.6458555665537211 1.7158593239753370 1.7950976747258836 1.8976287674260843 2.0071745799704330 2.0549945243757923 2.1718698643792176 2.2947159248115208 2.4299023345047099 2.6148288908398127 2.7876011361607249 2.9565290222750562 ; 0.059108548356802314 0.21888684921359805 0.37789894874487834 0.46792307527754512 0.57363196464709409 0.70313402614460652 0.84130404384228408 0.92433707243277852 1.0315795039917817 1.1424133979325493 1.1769004044231859 1.2547015520230325 1.3238300517943271 1.3684880043911842 1.5028118594318047 1.6528912307072108 1.7653762045318460 1.8263000909003815 1.8585793180167469 1.8888803096722906 1.9157327068136609 1.9982565838914166 2.0926719937795193 2.2165304047414005 2.3490262340997821 2.4064880883498772 2.5457366655469764 2.6886881818945216 2.8408986956911941 3.0408066804249385 3.2401862878335264 3.4409956185988801 ; 0.071600008348051802 0.24046644502841782 0.40934691153619024 0.50586073903461093 0.61998812645399648 0.76135665884851444 0.90841451209806789 0.99697346308451495 1.1114968679209665 1.2280726363309868 1.2640576753247539 1.3449911152966807 1.4169519310690408 1.4636312980921256 1.6050605654640755 1.7689395142158759 1.8921659029961400 1.9579580563830223 1.9927620056094852 2.0254185794943327 2.0543499354500656 2.1431307390658767 2.2443935077480845 2.3767232670885496 2.5173925931336747 2.5780600102914475 2.7243563422435075 2.8746163402278930 3.0352690283461481 3.2470711115293343 3.4593508683432765 3.6737119058157410 ; 0.085807374267137415 0.26406377548180426 0.44303812286198258 0.54603657807973349 0.66878624355159411 0.82185686777443467 0.97932270821452916 1.0735623583873295 1.1948307277317343 1.3172372843190097 1.3549149367430251 1.4395541484973624 1.5148431446753459 1.5637598062793854 1.7128169999437659 1.8896588552845859 2.0232991133454683 2.0945042043329329 2.1322203754122819 2.1676381808725314 2.1990418735893473 2.2955715475219534 2.4046853597880808 2.5452421540400305 2.6930319817114237 2.7565151633575686 2.9091405320962322 3.0670742307634309 3.2376878777797633 3.4626513974872655 3.6874829704305379 3.9141131340214654 ; 0.097860494074836615 0.28379467349709109 0.47082124344044479 0.57884500270907413 0.70799070955269816 0.86952860062383530 1.0352979057280334 1.1340458262573148 1.2606419517132863 1.3879191048503570 1.4270726060531691 1.5150190114418514 1.5933213599910336 1.6442501139915982 1.7999361875826150 1.9862752422572700 2.1276022003158896 2.2029726595704457 2.2429029579439503 2.2804017552060141 2.3136500990313231 2.4158196995630501 2.5309727023398585 2.6785349517355987 2.8330188614417997 2.8994266580497010 3.0592548644105699 3.2241164454757172 3.4026359715247789 3.6373150635558469 3.8706437109687251 4.1048768551325239 ; 0.10920668736095028 0.30236778986399399 0.49677568527568028 0.60921418744394684 0.74379953108731556 0.91244826120512001 1.0856064523827922 1.1885058185095148 1.3201069346678094 1.4520056949415898 1.4925606403897065 1.5836547585136695 1.6648711040686248 1.7177600206953543 1.8799166157392735 2.0745321873515752 2.2223894477970161 2.3012957859426950 2.3431031142154430 2.3823649747350393 2.4171758669387922 2.5241318410253752 2.6445933723216917 2.7988266142181257 2.9604891529720958 3.0301810084211596 3.1983804450432105 3.3711125380119156 3.5558222716741779 3.7987409218573789 4.0383675368413163 4.2776499349040185 ; 0.12233319211672443 0.32408496099433776 0.52701106285017918 0.64428125344374010 0.78459909569619768 0.96056045490161235 1.1418200305051038 1.2495473788203633 1.3870894531758373 1.5245169683971422 1.5667047834606411 1.6614135026216796 1.7460668801732897 1.8013311185095726 1.9713622013385614 2.1748684501348907 2.3295841062048801 2.4122224675574646 2.4560175142748260 2.4971501370646294 2.5336225124404224 2.6457138302953980 2.7720607046415267 2.9341110544466193 3.1046033048434603 3.1782774166900749 3.3564117161233189 3.5389146779061798 3.7324624059766078 3.9848425393961793 4.2293753181969027 4.4722526465920751 ; 0.12996716962909449 0.33694073703314764 0.54495628462407752 0.66501809283898472 0.80854881017929858 0.98844299212928033 1.1742357414908178 1.2848347413931434 1.4258906120774115 1.5667048595145903 1.6098894217219037 1.7068144114198458 1.7935415781509145 1.8502277107392511 2.0248376219155930 2.2332818048226093 2.3918568400962599 2.4766068214412069 2.5215294594106230 2.5637247943631873 2.6011422039653351 2.7161684497585821 2.8459177320307929 3.0125360143425937 3.1881606919202157 3.2641173186878176 3.4478865851047908 3.6361514166923126 3.8357713119580095 4.0940269637366864 4.3404929683469691 4.5850919236761962 ; 0.14824970500133558 0.36894963746961923 0.59008840433635035 0.71707067923165757 0.86823806929411851 1.0567199511285379 1.2526149487547324 1.3701036757954346 1.5198238473771286 1.6692936762711081 1.7152346202860087 1.8184356176990237 1.9105635186107419 1.9706241245041995 2.1551842506489081 2.3756307761696247 2.5435929542822957 2.6333994207378510 2.6810341797445387 2.7257892021886567 2.7654848945059429 2.8876100648224159 3.0256365356752957 3.2033475170239480 3.3911187391878519 3.4723720599692962 3.6690302059507922 3.8706387939383458 4.0843255848980338 4.3585116639879971 4.6105706205829335 4.8600175050468168 ; 0.16861365516486729 0.41501762198321684 0.66067344006902340 0.80058782117675442 0.96601543200536888 1.1698089057544601 1.3781204020228550 1.5021248170488533 1.6612070841229687 1.8217926922434686 1.8712453940760265 1.9823707807664266 2.0813043662260369 2.1456516296810011 2.3425321383724591 2.5817215264161275 2.7654469001492963 2.8637581588328147 2.9158842576692310 2.9648445826049685 3.0082578950887373 3.1417033210569785 3.2923874788530676 3.4859134152542484 3.6888480208099343 3.7761425672208815 3.9861131378752379 4.1989738320731105 4.4228697554111811 4.7118918837761852 4.9944166732618687 5.2766167503326615 ; 0.17242648659414281 0.43762054758953978 0.70178364512507807 0.85189666421902399 1.0288578316961272 1.2448535272447627 1.4602711994603699 1.5860667678174776 1.7472832034287469 1.9121519157518194 1.9633943818173223 2.0791489784875616 2.1829060825304314 2.2505272009356769 2.4577851272367153 2.7064493849325286 2.8980797185099481 3.0014738263833922 3.0564302415570435 3.1081099142535660 3.1539760454657317 3.2953241215346996 3.4550381683629783 3.6584395478945551 3.8689252023358098 3.9592345073234503 4.1762908613635323 4.3973549166479708 4.6315857111806515 4.9374814901348669 5.2414600971229062 5.5470707780393509 ; 0.17140703311165131 0.45259402392584719 0.73269086793700300 0.89171906907197529 1.0788363199096189 1.3054472933493193 1.5267147170219009 1.6544858882007130 1.8168140957621133 1.9831141670736208 2.0353072060503208 2.1540065531803947 2.2619225052269596 2.3327739646296632 2.5526117874447292 2.8063255427596299 3.0027611819837379 3.1099694921134988 3.1671909485016267 3.2211080084092933 3.2690386235246121 3.4175364635615080 3.5859186621957884 3.7967175938545470 4.0121931105956712 4.1048487982928705 4.3284428672643189 4.5583032472000884 4.8036149638700794 5.1259494144637978 5.4476704950518284 5.7717234923924066 ; 0.16468332546530356 0.46631782498186880 0.76690783343555169 0.93752181555323622 1.1380061342737315 1.3793404835146090 1.6110290711127244 1.7423307771884493 1.9056087826245043 2.0705866909219086 2.1227613035936121 2.2423222741328592 2.3540115890942772 2.4288688608483744 2.6714059815428866 2.9281009210361764 3.1304173849611749 3.2419249275925721 3.3015925557437793 3.3578756942331127 3.4079529387210163 3.5635580458999572 3.7410268007531298 3.9636761946818089 4.1865071446175932 4.2829769144514183 4.5179517541822740 4.7626394015138631 5.0250654743338803 5.3698673384926421 5.7130370483212491 6.0581816577525087 ; 0.14574484495947326 0.47304089458536336 0.79937362484708219 0.98469890918458802 1.2025394980817872 1.4647793150252315 1.7157758123107161 1.8561011059161396 2.0254463449222224 2.1889768674146697 2.2395942706885368 2.3543605705905093 2.4616215211297883 2.5353643413571088 2.7808959670761291 3.0725082674124460 3.2921379801275368 3.4095363840904738 3.4718045715308188 3.5303165025560053 3.5822250408821223 3.7420766179196763 3.9233326980088119 4.1573333717204743 4.4007339556920542 4.5069851632477409 4.7674871295461596 5.0378023205164553 5.3246089268804324 5.6960947446412069 6.0614024228003744 6.4270349303017325 ; 0.12291891321655427 0.46998937450255474 0.81612254210279889 1.0128022886332388 1.2441476308843125 1.5231098960236822 1.7906189914418051 1.9401802985609182 2.1218413250184440 2.2961350700674430 2.3497935495302129 2.4709243116201427 2.5820892212811777 2.6568948602315579 2.8998474708961202 3.2041917912416316 3.4353331493145833 3.5578742849331664 3.6226328555269740 3.6833716967207408 3.7371681202566158 3.9018841896981842 4.0868277126469383 4.3263054408292207 4.5909539575566880 4.7079750470470305 4.9934511164507658 5.2830630538298795 5.5852753648334392 5.9714444242319145 6.3481288332991435 6.7243708789702685 ; 0.10974458851225538 0.46662590319524555 0.82257709993917760 1.0248838970045313 1.2629206471397891 1.5502309699186969 1.8265285537422002 1.9816719883067730 2.1711661022580730 2.3523311735901915 2.4080184900964952 2.5335796968848214 2.6480444605587103 2.7240529198903198 2.9678968649823405 3.2769480361518641 3.5130572465756842 3.6383768653268804 3.7046199920673679 3.7667576017480373 3.8217975650972145 3.9903742063540424 4.1798314443529545 4.4257058385388852 4.7006952202223315 4.8221423182993979 5.1172595094912419 5.4144103499801410 5.7224819137254190 6.1138958395697927 6.4948945773258320 6.8754109130935293 ; 0.096324269818672037 0.46262163978979820 0.82799526280974789 1.0357020268748278 1.2801606351134596 1.5755122577239085 1.8605044599911962 2.0214540420530605 2.2191114933638674 2.4072222706754842 2.4649128916900906 2.5947588028117199 2.7124082543533796 2.7900673300981325 3.0366385872717299 3.3502634885117883 3.5909010511033288 3.7189811519330727 3.7867610684911401 3.8503781164642286 3.9067589261815145 4.0797832944456811 4.2750281371509642 4.5294793833708100 4.8137304647824450 4.9386533864107323 5.2414647492576059 5.5448468405018314 5.8576139436380767 6.2530356480837996 6.6376793186642828 7.0219472883599492 ; 0.079909862529270043 0.45702194044432776 0.83322062918129147 1.0471353034789195 1.2989841827148481 1.6036392051046664 1.8988980463553673 2.0668279922693693 2.2742817917797207 2.4709230656977859 2.5308656759277137 2.6654336637367231 2.7869314293257168 2.8669361454828541 3.1193750996920224 3.4392244490111756 3.6849724781855255 3.8163370842425874 3.8860160607180863 3.9515014238045434 4.0096100200401832 4.1887474994051104 4.3925121352571539 4.6596792545432457 4.9531902277963882 5.0812244423682182 5.3911852246492060 5.7005274670587296 6.0173218166564970 6.4158278563681250 6.8041753586174361 7.1923907646672358 ; 0.069666243703012526 0.45324232666653169 0.83591492638229570 1.0535472670449908 1.3098297676833526 1.6200926086281331 1.9215655144485078 2.0936783568787907 2.3069918312753184 2.5089527704563612 2.5701799236949805 2.7075666753050878 2.8315523519818711 2.9131567869324608 3.1702004856553985 3.4944748121375957 3.7433969803364664 3.8768049654177736 3.9476754953696198 4.0143458568143142 4.0735601263276724 4.2567099238101953 4.4660145651912497 4.7408781669258095 5.0397609564196983 5.1696384140993565 5.4835703377928953 5.7961081455980601 6.1146889591307199 6.5143357081016919 6.9047860547377322 7.2952449013462788 ; 0.023625259122257259 0.43255984787095142 0.84070214328650328 1.0730538881633318 1.3470246998614808 1.6800298858375036 2.0066962932928676 2.1946847191106853 2.4289043522330354 2.6531185348093884 2.7205282029044615 2.8710601504883160 3.0078891727568524 3.0985224769275375 3.3867661502038446 3.7381357860420077 4.0026021497707767 4.1463481096287680 4.2232486024809530 4.2958340027429491 4.3604690413211937 4.5620002518160394 4.7945921978361943 5.0979724037091394 5.4175934868814073 5.5546205351932798 5.8820711856460512 6.2033593991372413 6.5214602740978185 6.9168985360757107 7.3144313363231328 7.7124155715130289 ; -0.0080617890067976247 0.40418922745033387 0.83486713507356081 1.0805513907991411 1.3708386782259039 1.7252626134169156 2.0754389282002195 2.2780474038400134 2.5321934226658609 2.7811547578799805 2.8572398364989118 3.0279157105662557 3.1819998129605378 3.2834530052345503 3.6006280477494736 3.9846096995181464 4.2768772067130483 4.4342756868845949 4.5179937329385416 4.5967709156633569 4.6667420100288401 4.8831317542401607 5.1303287236355324 5.4502758722953697 5.7827954025981745 5.9233149001520582 6.2549306791291786 6.5775688626089801 6.9010395772564870 7.3058517941109899 7.7039905342005151 8.1037215152093651 ; -0.013782744150259095 0.39875393934167386 0.83162050077086425 1.0820887123596641 1.3782728763607885 1.7405488832276608 2.0996656856451521 2.3081545449863907 2.5706477696815506 2.8298140892446142 2.9093570854534665 3.0881185755894682 3.2488442585517494 3.3542110770895630 3.6819123902114321 4.0787474460513389 4.3801861770182438 4.5416827829293389 4.6274085073813280 4.7079967144322143 4.7795186110016541 5.0001029602013300 5.2510416049475896 5.5752119299738263 5.9117379748677941 6.0530383242948158 6.3859181487056702 6.7096411847801258 7.0361377395443334 7.4449253355758076 7.8446975981872180 8.2456451437371108 ; -0.020604562977245239 0.39931513435609645 0.82741090823336727 1.0835046035667768 1.3866405580077992 1.7582271308176394 2.1281006022960294 2.3437857386941059 2.6165726950944035 2.8881115155605777 2.9717205635722928 3.1598180739590132 3.3283733571123610 3.4385317970856311 3.7791655859052611 4.1915043851466516 4.5033552362932410 4.6692873737499836 4.7571645816949459 4.8396872200409984 4.9128623187978295 5.1378839203027127 5.3926014269684321 5.7210004343998930 6.0613568358897112 6.2038572714428311 6.5388786882364478 6.8645012593545207 7.1945386993527736 7.6080064318311464 8.0102822576872175 8.4130197837052609 ; -0.025888442493208100 0.39967630452166220 0.82532065423740120 1.0843590900267435 1.3928391753483218 1.7716301258072542 2.1499448525923235 2.3713382412077864 2.6522906697725794 2.9334113403858280 3.0200976647670350 3.2151932636583558 3.3897339734333740 3.5036329354141191 3.8546264838196884 4.2790625917932186 4.5987502295037652 4.7678083337258181 4.8571831495643405 4.9410511446953311 5.0153781680780645 5.2435124441287275 5.5007621638421487 5.8319607106062081 6.1745880627167571 6.3183876831901244 6.6555307070785874 6.9829782647440037 7.3156650966177796 7.7326563970641224 8.1371772487815441 8.5415848318924326 ; -0.037994268454518587 0.40022399629408884 0.83867309487423358 1.0894517683690839 1.4059897279917648 1.8013352183879074 2.1995346505697317 2.4345321426042497 2.7348029411218007 3.0375716535390853 3.1310242317800352 3.3413691351138870 3.5292794352018246 3.6517239380127977 4.0275833244334169 4.4797895047704364 4.8168660773666314 4.9919405225109958 5.0840909862672277 5.1704953378285001 5.2470329310434218 5.4814384826045908 5.7439198091767674 6.0808189376956534 6.4274638746506652 6.5733793367308007 6.9160263789794625 7.2487397427604439 7.5872282930116777 8.0118788518188921 8.4225666058446542 8.8320247604926951 ; -0.055579929976541272 0.40031199615715019 0.85668709755439965 1.1179899462878586 1.4278490637709456 1.8426041656086070 2.2714764401086929 2.5272092349781379 2.8560307591656731 3.1889479470698379 3.2917137721753251 3.5229890901052205 3.7294626188780549 3.8639060508506153 4.2755268864146290 4.7634512482944702 5.1207745725298714 5.3055716042894288 5.4026950438287038 5.4936492680283591 5.5741314908011566 5.8197910000419126 6.0925730417445649 6.4353339512631864 6.7842218090359161 6.9316298397104710 7.2796174997611267 7.6196928226250105 7.9663772917453279 8.4018367488115135 8.8232935342821275 9.2432191262526828 ; -0.073479269838526443 0.40003923540733588 0.87431927300030754 1.1461826968731075 1.4689471133360159 1.8841067188434866 2.3450998595767207 2.6221420186697220 2.9798536261905295 3.3428784092175783 3.4549260941900992 3.7070246767174622 3.9317984074061032 4.0779671064895409 4.5236421394331092 5.0430325699331107 5.4196094072612553 5.6153792820000668 5.7182818785644995 5.8145650933946555 5.8996694941012064 6.1582401167674430 6.4415979679561994 6.7915299364887964 7.1435144126094992 7.2922483259559634 7.6440234837445731 7.9899663865821404 8.3443048145829621 8.7909149701300802 9.2241025529137275 9.6560342619411124 ]; % Fuel Properties engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel; engine.fuel.description = 'Fuel info was derived from 3-cyl Geely 1.5L DHE paper'; engine.fuel.density_kgpL_15C = 0.74008883199999997; engine.fuel.energy_density_MJpkg = 42.78; engine.fuel.research_octane_number = 98; % Idle Speed engine.idle_target_speed_radps = class_REVS_dynamic_lookup; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.signal = 'eng_runtime_sec'; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.breakpoints = [ 0.0000000000000000 10.000000000000000 ]; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.table = [ 68.067840827778852 68.067840827778852 ]; % Calibration Adjustment Factors engine.variant = 'basic engine';
Estimate the Tier 3 Fuel Map #2
The EPA typically and whenever possible, benchmarks a gasoline engine using both Tier 2 and Tier 3 test fuels in order to create Tier 2 and Tier 3 BSFC and BTE engine maps. However, occasionally an engine is only benchmarked or modeled using one fuel type (in this case, a Tier 2-like fuel). Consequently, a corresponding Tier 3 fuel map must be estimated. To do this we use an internally developed octane-based fuel consumption modifier to estimate the second map based on differences between the octane of the fuel used to test the engine (e.g., Tier 2-like fuel) and the decreased octane of the fuel which would have been used to create the second target map (e.g., Tier 3-like fuel). The reference Aachen paper does not provide any information regarding this engine having been tested using Tier 3 fuel. As a result, the internally developed octane-based fuel consumption modifier, described in more detail in the Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification section below, was used to develop an estimated Tier 3 fuel map.
Tier 3 Fuel Properties
Define the Tier 3 fuel characteristics using average values for a typical Tier 3 fuel. The “LMDV Tier 3 Reg” fuel described below was specified for the EPA’s proposed Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles.
Tier_3_fuel = class_REVS_fuel('LMDV_TIER_3_REG')
Tier_3_fuel =
class_REVS_fuel with properties:
id: 'LMDV_TIER_3_REG'
description: 'Regular Tier 3 Cert fuel for 2027+ LMDV rule'
density_kgpL_15C: 0.7465
energy_density_MJpkg: 41.7870
carbon_weight_fraction: 0.8273
anti_knock_index: 87.7000
research_octane_number: 91.8000
motor_octane_number: 83.6000
alcohol_pct_vol: 9.6900
gCO2pgal: 8.5665e+03
energy_density_BTUplbm: 1.7965e+04
specific_gravity: 0.7472
Octane-Based Fuel Consumption Modification
To determine differences in an engine’s fuel consumption associated with changes in fuel octane, EPA first compared data from various engines tested using both Tier 2 and Tier 3 test fuels in its engine benchmarking program at its National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory. The octane-based fuel consumption modifier was developed to closely match the observed differences noted in efficiency between the laboratory tested Tier 2 and Tier 3 engine maps.
To ascertain the modification, the “knock sensitivity” is determined for each point in the map above the minimum BSFC line (or 30% of maximum torque). This knock sensitivity is based on the ratio of the fuel consumption at each point to (a) the fuel consumption at an equivalent power along the minimum BSFC line and (b) the minimum fuel per stroke at that load. The knock sensitivity is combined with the magnitude of the octane change to determine the proportion of extra fuel required. A smoothing function is applied to ensure the map decays smoothly with increasing speed. No change in the map is made if the target fuel increases in octane over the base fuel. Application of this modification typically results in negligible decreases in efficiency across most of the map, save for those areas at low speed and near the WOT line which are more sensitive to knock conditions.
[ engine, engine_modifiers ] = REVS_modify_engine( engine,'fuel',Tier_3_fuel ,'fuel_octane_adjust',true ); engine.name = 'Geely 1.5L Miller GHE from 2020 Aachen Paper Octane Modified for Tier 3 Fuel'; REVS_plot_engine(engine,'BSFC','show_CTP_curve','no_min_bsfc','show_bmep') REVS_plot_engine(engine,'Efficiency','show_CTP_curve','no_min_bsfc','show_bmep')
File Description
Generate and write the estimated Tier 3 ALPHA engine definition into a file for use in later simulations.
engine.write_mscript('engine_Geely_1L5_Miller_GHE_paper_image_OM_Tier_3.m');
Engine Build: engine_Geely_1L5_Miller_GHE_paper_image_OM_Tier_3.m
% ALPHA ENGINE DEFINITION % Generated 17-Mar-2023 11:09:29 % Constructor engine = class_REVS_engine(); engine.name = 'Geely 1.5L Miller GHE from 2020 Aachen Paper Octane Modified for Tier 3 Fuel'; engine.source_filename = mfilename; engine.matrix_vintage = enum_matrix_vintage.present; % Physical Description engine.displacement_L = 1.5; engine.num_cylinders = 3; engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition; engine.compression_ratio = 13.1; engine.inertia_kgm2 = 0.095; engine.bore_mm = 82.547; engine.stroke_mm = 93.428; % Maximum Torque Curve engine.full_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 120.23611956317013 ; 141.72031645273225 ; 159.43535603550373 ; 166.21983920867083 ; 197.12692952228917 ; 216.72654781081587 ; 260.82568885528110 ; 419.50721334565088 ; 515.37816025799339 ; 569.25613057682210 ; 597.71893710566326 ; 626.18174363450441 ]; engine.full_throttle_torque_Nm = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 116.88311700000000 ; 127.59740300000000 ; 141.55844200000001 ; 149.02597399999999 ; 167.85714300000001 ; 186.03896100000000 ; 215.58441600000000 ; 215.25973999999999 ; 193.31786500000001 ; 185.27842200000001 ; 158.81007599999998 ; 0.0000000000000000 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 626.18174363450441 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_torque_Nm = [ 107.42958658702935 107.42958658702935 ]; % Minimum Torque Curve engine.closed_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 36.651914291880921 ; 733.03828583761833 ]; engine.closed_throttle_torque_Nm = [ -11.963636363636365 ; -11.963636363636365 ; -32.536363636363639 ]; % Fuel Map engine.fuel_map_speed_radps = [ 0.0000000000000000 ; 36.651914291880921 ; 73.303828583761842 ; 94.247779607693786 ; 119.03471230272291 ; 149.40751815315477 ; 179.61719043450532 ; 197.21060822125199 ; 219.40450933440354 ; 241.28528007186685 ; 247.96195341938025 ; 262.89034430469326 ; 276.08122155294552 ; 284.62261651665767 ; 310.44676094752549 ; 340.48033105533057 ; 362.67571112293456 ; 374.36187437335548 ; 380.52813888013873 ; 386.30771942890135 ; 391.42341331928770 ; 407.04175405884587 ; 424.32834434076949 ; 445.89967114647391 ; 467.76672154849598 ; 477.02487544932353 ; 498.95594142963409 ; 520.59455493034034 ; 542.85389790284694 ; 571.08424844850731 ; 598.63299604150586 ; 626.18174363450441 ]; engine.fuel_map_torque_Nm = [ -34.163181818181819 ; -12.081590909090909 ; 10.000000000000000 ; 25.867257996951214 ; 41.734515993902427 ; 58.645914049370560 ; 75.557312104838701 ; 83.233201552419345 ; 90.909090999999989 ; 96.844548000000003 ; 102.14327137500001 ; 108.05104400000000 ; 111.46171657894735 ; 119.71913539473684 ; 131.84962312499999 ; 139.19373566666667 ; 145.04060316666667 ; 152.16836799999999 ; 160.77665408333334 ; 167.37238950000000 ; 170.66125299999999 ; 173.82830600000000 ; 177.48259862499998 ; 179.67517450000000 ; 188.39617173809523 ; 196.24129900000000 ; 199.04292350000000 ; 202.33178699999999 ; 204.84918749999997 ; 210.50319012500000 ; 218.43341346250003 ; 226.36363680000002 ]; 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0.13958049779591503 0.69462234056456151 1.0182951701211385 1.2112556844474325 1.4433887804755197 1.7236897336030903 1.9918922869781663 2.1427349011332772 2.3268217933519306 2.4824602043326220 2.5259206518335167 2.6263733604388908 2.7248104449941759 2.7936117117631416 3.0384241004126769 3.3548193693391903 3.5965393306173636 3.7248369660105762 3.7926542527733984 3.8562684615497891 3.9126163599889638 4.0851989505785520 4.2791583312853136 4.5308755300139643 4.8123995865008578 4.9367326770729711 5.2388628476807462 5.5430749939490855 5.8584673766763213 6.2591826170051865 6.6492351692631466 7.0387938560351593 ; 0.12294212453949654 0.69263749658681573 1.0281633596513269 1.2269265265753451 1.4657539046018009 1.7541996355808738 2.0326469569955057 2.1958310349770120 2.3927454004560378 2.5416699139431107 2.5874235204687217 2.6938101094384725 2.7958803342713985 2.8659604414154671 3.1087993577783668 3.4298770440216888 3.6762329663818991 3.8073566822144889 3.8767472781020649 3.9418760816124561 3.9995966894499531 4.1767327000355667 4.3766172184487582 4.6371150841315067 4.9281209295568722 5.0560124409661169 5.3660196226874479 5.6766110952369964 5.9968105992015923 6.4016288564631338 6.7954129574379118 7.1888124296082188 ; 0.10240444825822773 0.68879566392468738 1.0383264488751047 1.2438399314548294 1.4904248071374322 1.7883365620578329 2.0776603840884604 2.2561141497547408 2.4546228876661509 2.6104472765620979 2.6579091356145095 2.7679139602102829 2.8736888227862911 2.9462746725243023 3.1935019686702737 3.5209520168640509 3.7725398477224203 3.9070261196998564 3.9783609035709606 4.0454024196606211 4.1048918720491789 4.2882862618649487 4.4968930324335572 4.7704089431966894 5.0708947267123623 5.2019714658748510 5.5192979613394844 5.8359912183399736 6.1603136697194092 6.5682895564512505 6.9658655046223448 7.3633062175428812 ; 0.089493339674450653 0.68580701988273718 1.0438980228574639 1.2534918308305640 1.5047565564983136 1.8083950633045318 2.1040109758449588 2.2870451631616850 2.4913819683072451 2.6515498201182703 2.6999615787219762 2.8121125095587578 2.9199318246253680 2.9939014226745488 3.2455351371560042 3.5775153148885144 3.8323527130158670 3.9689309215921784 4.0414855742674121 4.1097402482713852 4.1703616484623884 4.3578637026012910 4.5721421279077621 4.8535374154901314 5.1595226677108839 5.2924864516517216 5.6138784562371091 5.9338432160405157 6.2599945837607915 6.6691382868497469 7.0688670500796942 7.4686045152701510 ; 0.030641123537061239 0.66482661536558452 1.0587497692519983 1.2849582021048023 1.5552171950653102 1.8823582778129757 2.2036637729167103 2.4041456084790651 2.6291359353512394 2.8078029324390634 2.8611221087876797 2.9837985896208039 3.1027571920665555 3.1849423097617815 3.4672471320200176 3.8269664950074689 4.0977174711559536 4.2448793196429202 4.3236072274663213 4.3979175015517598 4.4640884865561219 4.6704087580513116 4.9085278728655419 5.2191174152410316 5.5463337729147009 5.6866170458651855 6.0218490277344170 6.3507721323639217 6.6764321565535854 7.0812673648100821 7.4882468846268848 7.8956885670023542 ; -0.010545804206553891 0.62993779083346491 1.0593506768607923 1.3014328329094165 1.5898006464165113 1.9395681426933691 2.2851506529729568 2.5017875276025783 2.7466625814001393 2.9469773789052365 3.0079425402068138 3.1485971191237958 3.2832963721631883 3.3755429566689306 3.6861911092617916 4.0792974596258720 4.3785102281375599 4.5396490268486129 4.6253564959224356 4.7060056900968821 4.7776395335638782 4.9991714276304613 5.2522426304144370 5.5797928019909522 5.9202141173845915 6.0640728319454631 6.4035689198350267 6.7338740742913386 7.0650315436626823 7.4794634635668551 7.8870633223992641 8.2962932591632956 ; -0.018084543016840145 0.62454771025509170 1.0580639839501269 1.3059690803750374 1.6009703092489789 1.9591076471533098 2.3139933184948211 2.5371409820136868 2.7904496563692036 2.9998731223294297 3.0639157180022756 3.2118491855155642 3.3526104810827415 3.4484724519126702 3.7694070417413328 4.1756722363911329 4.4842741678713587 4.6496084776058852 4.7373713342851413 4.8198745888293040 4.8930960867889715 5.1189222638000551 5.3758240567558788 5.7076977616072053 6.0522207998861903 6.1968789219932567 6.5376690932976427 6.8690848801037117 7.2033400937541963 7.6218418612471117 8.0311140606037572 8.4415894715838320 ; -0.027132242665139659 0.62905542393218139 1.0560203341904340 1.3108361153587418 1.6137011691158292 1.9817989983109960 2.3479111424427805 2.5790369571436029 2.8427823755886510 3.0632738918634907 3.1309198560656668 3.2872019519943207 3.4350906800887602 3.5353877043063862 3.8689713012426608 4.2911086605062279 4.6103701392448571 4.7802453837084338 4.8702108503819321 4.9546945048305435 5.0296084906351535 5.2599773640258949 5.5207478174003768 5.8569506924073860 6.2053951094685393 6.3512818357940102 6.6942644909363018 7.0276249521426859 7.3655051943980583 7.7887983141583854 8.2006335698628554 8.6129414972817155 ; -0.034183187441140211 0.63240948953254950 1.0558838843461886 1.3142910036914468 1.6232312905351596 1.9990615898097848 2.3740077221432894 2.6114697829660494 2.8835137555576824 3.1125651763785243 3.1829214705141595 3.3454174599533659 3.4987390898444355 3.6024980213755389 3.9462254044991569 4.3807475453350060 4.7080320391071648 4.8811075338452268 4.9726061966248469 5.0584671780713206 5.1345604621145240 5.3681159776922724 5.6314788180335302 5.9705477588660010 6.3213170919908794 6.4685338762503539 6.8136885550248154 7.1489173706116373 7.4895099632256112 7.9164103828081265 8.3305440137572564 8.7445616844558902 ; -0.050475096536446287 0.63955582950607581 1.0787517391092991 1.3259326528999897 1.6438133007924360 2.0375050158302992 2.4333543519771283 2.6859416206852971 2.9776801795621353 3.2259809066843577 3.3022339472477076 3.4781229508127769 3.6435212317712478 3.7551784955336220 4.1232922827496967 4.5862444064919536 4.9313310548674112 5.1105658590714915 5.2049061285211193 5.2933637387776882 5.3717201232449705 5.6116959409822291 5.8804147087989591 6.2253196964275990 6.5802020857576631 6.7295849911537955 7.0803744823208516 7.4209942373295954 7.7675264167094928 8.2022681044538306 8.6227151841011391 9.0419034449440616 ; -0.074469736276821921 0.64854323007768588 1.1102300091932635 1.3685511219146100 1.6768672549522297 2.0912578925786036 2.5195957301100633 2.7952980281316715 3.1162124520795791 3.3910094703931080 3.4752584097804711 3.6692751875897320 3.8512948923491770 3.9739812767915068 4.3771278196764030 4.8766469093746245 5.2424614404677987 5.4316498727236162 5.5310812926267010 5.6241968958349053 5.7065916475572180 5.9580888549499376 6.2373531176163040 6.5882591819235437 6.9454377914317016 7.0963487338840778 7.4526057539373731 7.8007624129968161 8.1556852739097128 8.6014927157765939 9.0329647353624196 9.4628691751283842 ; -0.099290831138767480 0.65698508244474241 1.1415816922490882 1.4111634591264275 1.7328579937261586 2.1456023266651552 2.6081351450408001 2.9076837981703916 3.2581422509623632 3.5591641688556535 3.6512968074023688 3.8631616708990197 4.0614114646310497 4.1947837973464326 4.6311391275982583 5.1628720257912386 5.5483975983592151 5.7488196253371351 5.8541675345200490 5.9527387631422064 6.0398655313291121 6.3045806637306150 6.5946720527715845 6.9529195846313616 7.3132683985793285 7.4655367311459573 7.8256712526525680 8.1798349251677305 8.5425936288285627 8.9998167473655641 9.4432983275575957 9.8854941901988855 ]; % Fuel Properties engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel('LMDV_TIER_3_REG'); % Idle Speed engine.idle_target_speed_radps = class_REVS_dynamic_lookup; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.signal = 'eng_runtime_sec'; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.axis_1.breakpoints = [ 0.0000000000000000 10.000000000000000 ]; engine.idle_target_speed_radps.table = [ 68.067840827778852 68.067840827778852 ]; % Calibration Adjustment Factors engine.variant = 'basic engine';